Journal: Antibiotics

Article Title: Screening Methods for Antimicrobial Residues in the Dairy Chain—The Past and the Present

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13111098

Figure Lengend Snippet: Examples of rapid specific tests for the detection of antimicrobial residues in milk.

Article Snippet: Beta-lactams+ Tetracyclines BT Combo Test Kit , Ring Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China , beta-lactams, tetracyclines , Visually.

Techniques:

Journal: Planta medica

Article Title: Total bacterial load within Echinacea purpurea , determined using a new PCR-based quantification method, is correlated with LPS levels and in vitro macrophage activity

doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1328023

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlations between bacterial load, THP-1 monocyte stimulatory activity and LPS levels in extracts from Echinacea. E. purpurea root and herb (aerial) plant parts were obtained as bulk raw material from six commercial growers (11 samples) and an individual plant cultivated at the University of Mississippi (herb and root). Plant material was extracted with 4% SDS and crude extracts assessed for activity in THP-1 monocytes transfected with a NF-κB luciferase reporter plasmid (EC50 values of extracts are expressed in μg of plant material/mL, ranging between 3 and 1,940). The LPS content of each extract, expressed as EU/g of dried plant material (levels ranged between 10 and 121,160), was determined using the Chromo-LAL assay with Glucashield® (1→3)-β-D-Glucan Inhibiting Buffer. Total bacterial load in dried plant samples was estimated as described in Fig. 1. Relationships are shown as pairwise linear regressions between macrophage stimulatory extract activity and total bacterial load of plant material (a), extract LPS levels and total bacterial load of plant material (b), and macrophage stimulatory activity and LPS levels in plant extracts (c). Regression analyses were performed on log10 transformed data using Microsoft Excel 2007.

Article Snippet: Amount of LPS (bacterial endotoxin) in extracts was determined using a LAL assay (Chromo-LAL test kit with Glucashield ® (1→3)-β-D-Glucan Inhibiting Buffer) from Associates of Cape Cod Inc. (East Falmouth, MA).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Raw Material, Transfection, Luciferase, Plasmid Preparation, LAL Assay, Transformation Assay